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Guides 25–48 of 199

Indian biographies

Intermediate

C. V. Raman: what scattered light can reveal

Raman’s achievement becomes clearer when we understand the measurement behind it.

Learning outcome: Explain the effect with a simple energy account, distinguish an observation from an interpretation, and understand why controls and collaborators matter.

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Chemistry

Intermediate

Carbon bonding and everyday compounds

A fuel, a food ingredient and a soap can all contain carbon while behaving very differently.

Learning outcome: Check simple carbon structures, distinguish a formula from connectivity, recognise two functional groups, and explain the two-part structure of soap.

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History, literature & society

Intermediate

Caste, social reform and institutional change

Social reform changes more than individual opinions.

Learning outcome: Distinguish varna from jati, analyse how exclusion is reproduced, explain the specific object of Vaikom’s campaign, and assess institutional change without erasing either achievement or continuing barriers.

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Research & achievements

Intermediate

Chandrayaan-3: reading lunar soil as evidence

A rover cannot bring every laboratory to the Moon.

Learning outcome: Explain how a spectrum becomes a composition estimate, calculate a simple calibration and mixture, and distinguish local measurements from claims about the whole Moon.

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Chemistry

Intermediate

Chemical reactions: new substances, conserved atoms

Rusting and melting both change what we see, but only one forms new substances.

Learning outcome: Interpret reaction evidence, balance simple equations without changing formulas, and explain apparent mass gains or losses by tracing matter across a boundary.

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History, literature & society

Intermediate

Common resources and cooperation

A shared water source can be useful to every user and vulnerable to each user taking too much.

Learning outcome: Classify resource problems, calculate two collective-action models, and explain how a proposed rule changes incentives while checking fairness and ecological limits.

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Career & workplace skills

Intermediate

Communicate clearly at work and use feedback

Workplace communication coordinates action across people who hold different information.

Learning outcome: Write a useful progress update, hand over unfinished work and respond to feedback with a concrete improvement.

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Mathematics

Advanced

Conditional probability and independence

“How often is an item defective when an alarm sounds?” differs from “How often does the alarm sound when an item is defective?” Conditioning changes the reference group.

Learning outcome: Choose the correct denominator, distinguish independence from mutual exclusion, calculate a posterior probability, and explain why association does not establish causation.

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Mathematics

Advanced

Correlation, regression and confounding

A pattern between two variables can help summarise data or make cautious predictions.

Learning outcome: Calculate and interpret a fitted line, inspect residuals, distinguish prediction from causation, and show numerically how changing group composition can reverse an overall comparison.

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Research & achievements

Intermediate

Counting river dolphins: survey effort and uncertainty

How do researchers estimate animals that spend much of their time underwater? India's 2021–2023 river-dolphin assessment, publicly released on 3 March 2025, teaches a central ecological skill: account for animals that are present but missed.

Learning outcome: Calculate encounter rates and a simple two-list estimate, test their assumptions, and interpret a new survey without confusing expanded coverage with population growth.

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History, literature & society

Intermediate

Democracy, rights and public reason

Shared decisions require more than counting preferences.

Learning outcome: Distinguish majority choice from constitutional authority, explain why rights and remedies matter, and evaluate a shared proposal using public reasons.

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Mathematics

Advanced

Derivatives and optimisation

An average rate describes change across an interval.

Learning outcome: Derive a simple derivative from first principles, differentiate polynomials, interpret rates with units, and solve a constrained optimisation problem with a justified maximum.

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Hinduism

Beginner

Devi, Maa Durga and Shakti: strength, care and Navaratri

Study the meaning of Shakti, recognise Mahishasuramardini and understand how worship of the Divine Mother takes different forms across communities.

Learning outcome: Explain Shakti in its religious sense, identify Maa Durga’s image, and plan a respectful festival visit or home reflection.

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Hinduism

Intermediate

Dharma and difficult choices in the Mahabharata

The Mahabharata examines duty through loyalty, ambition, injustice, compassion and the cost of victory.

Learning outcome: Reconstruct the reasoning of three epic decisions, distinguish explanation from excuse, and use a clear process for examining an everyday ethical dilemma.

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